Read about business and technology
key notes :
🏢 Business Basics
What is Business?
- A business is an activity where people make or sell goods or services to earn money.
Types of Businesses
- Small businesses (like local shops)
- Big businesses (like companies that make cars or phones)
Goods and Services
- Goods: Things you can touch and buy (e.g., toys, clothes)
- Services: Things people do for you (e.g., haircuts, cleaning)
💰 How Business Works
Customers and Sellers
- A customer buys something.
- A seller provides it.
Profit
- When a business earns more money than it spends, it makes a profit.
💡 Technology in Business
What is Technology?
- Tools, machines, or software that help people do things faster and easier.
Technology Helps Businesses
- Computers for keeping records
- Internet for online shopping
- Machines for making products faster
📱 Examples of Technology in Use
Online Stores
- People can buy and sell things on websites.
Digital Payments
- Using cards or phones to pay instead of cash.
Robots and Apps
- Robots help in factories; apps help manage tasks.
🧠 Why It Matters
Learning About Business and Technology
- Helps you understand how the world works
- Shows how ideas become products and services
- Encourages creativity and problem-solving
Learn with an example
▶️ Read the text.
The Mysterious X-Ray
On 8 November 1895, German-Dutch scientist Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen was working in his laboratory. Röntgen was studying cathode rays, which are created by running an electric current through a glass tube. Nearby was a screen coated with a substance that glows when rays hit it. Röntgen had set up a cardboard barrier around his experiment to stop the cathode rays from hitting the screen. But something strange happened! The screen began to glow. Röntgen realised that an unknown kind of ray must be passing through the cardboard. Röntgen named these strange rays ‘X’ for ‘unknown’.
Röntgen continued experimenting with the new rays and soon discovered that they could penetrate human flesh. Because the rays travelled through the skin, he could use them to create a picture of things inside a person’s body. One of the first X-ray pictures he took was of his wife’s hand, with her bones clearly visible in the picture.
Scientists and the public were amazed at Röntgen’s discovery. Now doctors could see inside the human body without cutting it open first. With the help of Xrays, doctors could determine exactly where a bone was broken. Just months after Röntgen announced his findings, X rays were being used on the battlefield. Army doctors could find bullets in wounded soldiers. Within a year, the first X ray department opened in a Scottish hospital. There, X-rays created pictures of a coin stuck in a child’s throat. The public, meanwhile, was delighted. For the first time ever, the invisible was visible! Newspapers published stories on how X-rays worked. Everyone wanted to see inside their own bodies.
Though the benefits of X rays were realised immediately, the dangers, sadly, were not. At first, people believed that X-rays were as harmless as light. X-rays are a form of energy similar to light. However, X-rays have much higher energy than light. That’s why they can travel through materials that light cannot. This high energy can damage the cells of living things.
Years after Röntgen’s discovery, scientists began to report cases of skin damage and burns from working with X-rays. Though some scientists began to take greater caution, the risks of X-rays still were not fully understood until much later. In fact, during the 1930s and 1940s, many American shoe shops used X rays as a way to check if shoes fitted properly. It was not until the 1950s that this seemingly harmless practice was brought to an end.
We now know that getting too many X-rays can cause diseases like cancer. Today, people get X-rays only in emergencies or to check for health problems. Thankfully, X-ray technology has come a long way since Röntgen’s day. Modern X-ray machines are far safer than early machines. As a result, many experts agree that the benefits of modern X-rays far outweigh the risks.
What is the text about?
- It is about how X-rays help improve airport security by scanning luggage for dangerous items.
- It is about the discovery of X-rays and how our knowledge about them has changed over time.
- It is about how much money Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen made by inventing the X-ray machine.
- It is about the research that Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen did to make X-rays safer for the public.
The text discusses the following ideas:
- Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovered X-rays while working in his lab.
- We did not learn about the dangers of X-rays until long after their discovery.
So, the text is about the discovery of X-rays and how our knowledge about them has changed over time.
▶️ Read the text.
Where Are You?
All through history, people have found their way around by looking at the sky. Travellers have used the sun, moon and stars to navigate through forests or sail to distant lands. Today, there is a much easier way to get around. All you need is a device called a GPS receiver to tell you where you are and how to get where you’re going. ‘GPS’ stands for Global Positioning System. A GPS receiver can work anywhere on Earth, except for deep underwater or inside deep caves.
GPS works by using satellites in space. The satellites send radio signals to Earth. On Earth, a GPS receiver device, such as a smartphone or a car’s navigation system, receives the signals. The GPS device uses complex maths to figure out how far away it is from the satellites. That’s how it knows where you are.
GPS has become an important part of our society. It is hard to imagine life without it! Many people use GPS every day. For example, drivers can use GPS systems to get directions, traffic reports and suggestions for places to stop for food and petrol during a trip. GPS is also popular with people who do outdoor sports. Runners can use it to track their speed and distance. People travelling through the wilderness on foot, on a snowmobile or on skis can all use GPS. It helps them keep track of where they are and find their way home.
Sometimes, GPS is even used to help people who are in trouble. A GPS device can transmit a vehicle’s current position to police, firefighters or medical workers in an emergency so they know where to go to help. It relays information through radio signals so helpers know exactly where the vehicle is located. The valuable technology has helped save thousands of lives.
The technology in GPS devices is used for many different purposes. For example, GPS devices can be used to track moving objects, create maps and help aeroplanes and ships stay on course. People can even use GPS with their pets! Some pets wear collars or chips equipped with a GPS tracking device so they can be easily found if they get lost.
GPS has also become very useful in the field of science. Scientists have figured out ways to use GPS for monitoring earthquakes and volcanoes. GPS can also be used to measure water levels and snowfall. While working with wild animals, some animal researchers also use GPS devices. These scientists can attach small devices onto animals to track the animals’ movements and gather important data about them. Who knows how GPS will help us next?
What is the text about?
- It is about why people cannot live without GPS.
- It is about when and how GPS was invented.
- It is about how GPS works and what it is used for.
- It is about how drivers use GPS in their cars.
The text discusses the following ideas:
- GPS works by using satellites in space.
- GPS helps people find their way and can be used to do many activities.
- GPS is also useful for science.
So, the text is about how GPS works and what it is used for.
let’s practice!
Read the text.
Touching the Sky
Towering skyscrapers form the skylines of big cities around the world. People work, live and play in these tall buildings. Today, a building is considered a skyscraper if it rises above one hundred and fifty metres and has at least forty floors. The tallest skyscrapers reach hundreds of metres into the sky, with more than one hundred floors. Skyscrapers are the result of wild imagination and great effort. They are a testament to humans’ ability to make progress. They show that people can improve and advance technology to meet enormous challenges
Skyscrapers could not exist if other technologies had not been invented. Before the late 1800s, the tallest buildings were only about six storeys and fifteen metres high. One reason is that people were unlikely to be able to walk up any higher. Lifts were not safe for people and were only used to move goods. Also, building materials were not strong enough to support the weight of taller buildings filled with people and furniture.
Both of these problems were solved in the 1850s. In 1852, American engineer Elisha Otis invented a lift safety device that prevented a lift from crashing down if a cable broke. In addition, in 1856, English inventor Henry Bessemer developed a process for manufacturing steel in large amounts. Steel is a very strong building material, and the new process led to the manufacture of large steel beams for buildings.
The first skyscraper was the Home Insurance Building, built in the American city of Chicago in 1884 and 1885. Designed by American architect William LeBaron Jenney, it had ten storeys – a real achievement at that time. Taller skyscrapers started to pop up in Chicago and New York City after that. Builders competed to see who could construct the tallest building. In New York City, a competition developed between the Chrysler Building and the Bank of Manhattan Trust Building. Both teams raced to improve their building designs to allow their buildings to become taller. But at the last minute, the Chrysler builders added a spire to the top of their building. Thanks to the spire, the Chrysler Building became the tallest building in 1930. Then in 1931, New York’s Empire State Building took the title. Including its aerial, the Empire State Building reached 449 metres high. It remained the tallest building in the world for forty-one years.
Today, skyscrapers continue to get taller and more astonishing. For example, the Burj Khalifa, a needle-shaped building in the United Arab Emirates, contains hotel rooms, flats and offices. It rises to a stunning 828 metres! Such extremely tall buildings require even more advanced technologies. They have faster lifts and better water-pumping systems. The building materials are lighter and stronger. Their foundations are dug deep into underground bedrock. And they are designed to withstand strong winds.
Who knows how high skyscrapers will go in the future? Building engineers continue to explore ways to go ever higher. In fact, people are thinking about ways to build futuristic skyscrapers attached to asteroids orbiting Earth. Perhaps there are no limits to how high human imagination and technology can go!